Nowadays, data classification is extremely important used with the purpose of identifying the features that indicate the group of the classification of each item. Classification of the user auctions is one of the usages of classification. In previous years, electronic auctions have become more important, so detecting fraudulent activities has attracted attention of many researchers. One type of fraud is the collusion of fraudulent users at the auction, which is a very dangerous type of fraud and if occurred, may lead to irreparable financial losses. In this paper, we propose a method that first extracts the effective features for finding normal people in the auction and then classifies the users by collective classification method. We define an edge potential function to use in collective classification, in which it uses the distance L1-norm as the similarity measure between the two adjacent nodes. The results show that the defined edge potential function is suitable for improving the classification rate of collaborative fraudulent users.

In this paper we try to analyse one of the aspects of the collective identity discourse, in the micro and macro level, of globalization. Here, we argue both about classical sociology and post-modernist discourses. The most notable objective of this article is to specify an eclectic approach to the collective identity, both theoretical and methological wise. In this approach, globalization is regarded as a real and inevitable process in which human society is moving toward a universalistic cultural and political patterns of collective identity.

Collective struggle which is ancient phenomena, exits in some small communities and villages as a social problem, yet. In this article we try to analysis the issue from a sociological perspective and show the role of social phenomena in forming it. Our case studies in two village shows: (1) in a village with many collective struggles, there are diverse social groups which their competition to access authority status and scarce resources (land and water), leads to collective struggle, (2) in a village without collective struggle, there are not diverse social groups. Instead, there is a tight network of kinship relations that led to a social solidarity and absent of collective struggle.

In Islamic jurisprudence, arbitration is recognized as having the same nature as judgment, and it is considered to be a type of judgment itself. In the position of distinguishing the authority that issues judgments, the jurists have placed the judge of tahakim (which is the same as the referee) next to the judge appointed for the purpose of the chapter of hostility.In Imami jurisprudence, the possibility of collective judgment and arbitration is sometimes accepted in cases such as the issuance of a verdict in the case of a consensus of several judges. Also, the division of time or regional or jurisdictional work among judges has been accepted; However, considering the difference between collective judgment and council judgment, what is important is the answer to the question of whether it is possible for council judgment and arbitration by maintaining the independence of each judge and arbitrator and with the criterion of accepting the majority opinion, based on the jurisprudential foundations of the Islamic legal system. Legitimacy was given, and if legitimacy is proven, what evidence can support this way of judgment and arbitration?The issue of council judgment in jurisprudence texts has been less addressed by jurists. There is a possibility that the lack of consistent and lengthy jurisprudential literature on this issue is due to the silence of the Shariah and the lack of a narrative reason with a direct and explicit implication in negating and proving the legitimacy of the council's judgment and arbitration. However, the silence of the Shariah in proving the legitimacy of the council's judgment and the lack of coherent jurisprudential literature is not considered a valid reason for denying its legitimacy.

The market for cultural and artistic goods has long faced two fundamental problems: unavailability of the copy right holders to the clients, and the illegal usage of intelligent properties of others. These difficulties along with economical considerations have led to the formation of the Collective Management Organizations (CMOs), who closed the communication gap between the producers and the users of their products. Considering the present expansion rate of the usage of all forms of arts, it may be impossible to protect the copy rights without the intervention and management of the CMOs. The international policies to require the enforcement of a basic standard to protect the rights of the intellectual property owners within the international community in the recent years has brought special attention to the CMOs in our country. Obviously, formation and development of these organizations largely depends on their interaction with various legal entities and making their presence known to these entities.